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溢流閥是一種液壓壓力控制閥，在液壓設(shè)備中主要起定壓溢流作用，穩(wěn)壓，系統(tǒng)卸荷和安全保護(hù)作用。
定壓溢流作用：在定量泵節(jié)流調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)中，定量泵提供的是恒定流量。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)壓力增大時，會使流量需求減小。此時溢流閥開啟，使多余流量溢回油箱，保證溢流閥進(jìn)口壓力，即泵出口壓力恒定（閥口常隨壓力波動開啟）。


穩(wěn)壓作用：溢流閥串聯(lián)在回油路上，溢流閥產(chǎn)生背壓，運(yùn)動部件平穩(wěn)性增加。
系統(tǒng)卸荷作用：在溢流閥的遙控口串接溢小流量的電磁閥，當(dāng)電磁鐵通電時，溢流閥的遙控口通油箱，此時液壓泵卸荷。溢流閥此時作為卸荷閥使用。
安全保護(hù)作用：系統(tǒng)正常工作時，閥門關(guān)閉。只有負(fù)載超過規(guī)定的極限（系統(tǒng)壓力超過調(diào)定壓力）時開啟溢流，進(jìn)行過載保護(hù)，使系統(tǒng)壓力不再增加（通常使溢流閥的調(diào)定壓力比系統(tǒng)高工作壓力高10%～20%）。
實(shí)際應(yīng)用中一般有：作卸荷閥用，作遠(yuǎn)程調(diào)壓閥，作高低壓多級控制閥，作順序閥，用于產(chǎn)生背壓（串在回油路上）。


溢流閥一般有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：1、直動型溢流閥 。2、先導(dǎo)式溢流閥。
對溢流閥的主要要求：調(diào)壓范圍大，調(diào)壓偏差小，壓力振擺小，動作靈敏，過載能力大，噪聲小。
先導(dǎo)型溢流閥的導(dǎo)閥部分結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸較小，調(diào)壓彈簧不必很強(qiáng)，因此壓力調(diào)整比較輕便。但因先導(dǎo)型溢流閥要在先導(dǎo)閥和主閥都動作后才能起控制作用，因此反應(yīng)不如直動型溢流閥靈敏。
與三節(jié)同心結(jié)構(gòu)相比，二節(jié)同心結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是：①主閥芯僅與閥套和主閥座有同心度要求，免去了與閥蓋的配合，故結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，加工和裝配方便。②過流面積大，在相同流量的情況下，主閥開啟高度小；或者在相同開啟高度的情況下，其通流能力大，因此，可做得體積小、重量輕。③主閥芯與閥套可以通用化，便于組織批量生產(chǎn)。

    
比例溢流閥的壓力等級要與系統(tǒng)所需要的壓力相適應(yīng)，以確保較好的分辨率。 系統(tǒng)需要調(diào)節(jié)的高壓力是180bar，則比例溢流閥的壓力等級應(yīng)該是210左右 .不應(yīng)該是315bar等太高的等級。原則是盡量使比例溢流閥的高控制壓力略大于系統(tǒng)所需要的高壓力。
　　先使系統(tǒng)安全閥全開，比例溢流閥輸入電流為零，再起泵。然后保持安全閥為零，給比例閥輸入大電流 .慢慢調(diào)節(jié)手調(diào)安全閥的手柄，使系統(tǒng)壓力逐步上升，將比例閥輸入電流降下來，直到系統(tǒng)需要的高壓力，記錄對應(yīng)當(dāng)輸入電流數(shù)值。這就是系統(tǒng)要求的高壓力說對應(yīng)的電流，如果用計(jì)算機(jī)控制或用信號發(fā)生器輸入，將這個電流為輸入電流的限制值。

1）電磁溢流閥原理上，一般是由先導(dǎo)式溢流閥加上一個2位2通電磁閥組成。
2）這個電磁閥實(shí)際上由兩部分組成：2位2通的液壓閥部分，加上一個電磁鐵。2位2通閥是開通，還是關(guān)閉，是由電磁鐵推動閥芯運(yùn)動來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。有的閥電磁鐵通電時打開，有的閥電磁鐵斷電時打開，蘿目青菜個人各愛（根據(jù)系統(tǒng)要求選擇）。也就是說，電磁閥這里有一條通路一頭與先導(dǎo)溢流閥的某個部位相連，另一頭通過油管與油箱相連。通過操作電磁鐵可以讓先導(dǎo)溢流閥的某個部位或者與油箱相通，或者不與油箱相通。
 
3）先導(dǎo)溢流閥的主閥上腔壓力，是由先導(dǎo)閥加于控制的。如果先導(dǎo)閥正常工作，即主閥上腔有先導(dǎo)閥規(guī)定的壓力，則整個溢流閥就會在系統(tǒng)壓力到達(dá)調(diào)定壓力時其主閥口打開一定的開度，一方面能將系統(tǒng)多余流量流回油箱，另一方面又能維持系統(tǒng)的壓力為先導(dǎo)閥的調(diào)定值。可見，先導(dǎo)閥主要管壓力，主閥服從先導(dǎo)閥的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，在先導(dǎo)閥動作時將主閥口開到合適大小，正好將多余流量流出去，又不影響系統(tǒng)壓力。
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一、液壓傳動技術(shù)的應(yīng)用
液壓傳動技術(shù)在近代工業(yè)制造中的應(yīng)用
液壓傳動有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此它的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機(jī)械、壓力機(jī)械、機(jī)床等，行走機(jī)械中的工程機(jī)械、建筑機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、汽車等;鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機(jī)械、提升裝置、軋輥調(diào)整裝置等;土木水利工程用的防洪閘門及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等，發(fā)電廠渦輪機(jī)調(diào)速裝置、發(fā)電廠等等。

二、液壓傳動技術(shù)的原理與特點(diǎn)
1、液壓傳動的介紹
液壓傳動是用液體作為工作介質(zhì)來傳遞能量和進(jìn)行控制的傳動方式。液壓傳動和氣壓傳動并稱為流體傳動，是根據(jù)17世紀(jì)帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動原理而發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù)，是工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用廣泛的技術(shù)。
2、液壓傳動的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
(1)體積小、重量輕，因此慣性力較小，當(dāng)突然過載或停車時，不會發(fā)生大的沖擊，
(2)能在給定范圍內(nèi)平穩(wěn)的自動調(diào)節(jié)牽引速度，并可實(shí)現(xiàn)無極調(diào)速;
(3)換向容易，在不改變電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)方向的情況下，可以較方便地實(shí)現(xiàn)工作機(jī)構(gòu)旋轉(zhuǎn)和直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動的轉(zhuǎn)換;
(4)液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)之間用油管連接，在空間布置上彼此不受嚴(yán)格限制;
(5) 由于采用油液為工作介質(zhì)，元件相對運(yùn)動表面間能自行潤滑，磨損小，使用壽命長;
(6)操縱控制簡便，自動化程度高;
(7)容易實(shí)現(xiàn)過載保護(hù)。
液壓傳動有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此它的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機(jī)械、壓力機(jī)械、機(jī)床等，行走機(jī)械中的工程機(jī)械、建筑機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、汽車等，鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機(jī)械、提升裝置、軋輥調(diào)整裝置等，土木水利工程用的防洪閘門及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋粱操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等;發(fā)電廠渦輪機(jī)調(diào)速裝置等等，船舶用的甲板起重機(jī)械、船頭門、艙壁閥、船尾推進(jìn)器等，特殊技術(shù)用的控制裝置、測量浮標(biāo)、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺等。
3、液壓傳動的基本原理
液壓傳動的基本原理是在密閉的容器內(nèi)，利用有壓力的油液作為工作介質(zhì)來實(shí)現(xiàn)能量轉(zhuǎn)換和傳遞動力的。其中的液體稱為工作介質(zhì)，一般為礦物油，它的作用和機(jī)械傳動中的皮帶、鏈條和齒輪等傳動元件相類似。液壓傳動是利用帕斯卡原理!帕斯卡原理是大概就是:在密閉環(huán)境中，向液體施加一個力，這個液體會向各個方向傳遞這個力!力的大小不變!液壓傳動就是利用這個物理性質(zhì)，向一個物體施加一個力，利用帕斯卡原理使這個力變大!從而起到舉起重物的效果!
液壓傳動在閥門行業(yè)也得到很大的應(yīng)用,如閥門的機(jī)床制造加工設(shè)備、閥門]液壓試驗(yàn)設(shè)備、閥門的液壓傳動裝置等。

三、液壓傳動系統(tǒng)的組成
1、液壓動力原件
將動力裝置的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成為液壓能的裝置，其作用是為液壓傳動系統(tǒng)提供壓力油,是液壓傳動系統(tǒng)的動力源。例如液壓泵。
1.1液壓泵
液壓泵是液壓系統(tǒng)的動力元件，其作用是將原動機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能,指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵，它向整個液壓系統(tǒng)提供動力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。
1.2齒輪泵
齒輪泵即依靠密封在個殼體中的兩個或兩個以上齒輪,在相互嚙合過程中所產(chǎn)生的工作空間容積變化來輸送液體的泵。齒輪泵的概念是很簡單的，即它的基本形式就是兩個尺寸相同的齒輪在一個緊密配合的殼體內(nèi)相互嚙合旋轉(zhuǎn)，這個殼體的內(nèi)部類似“8”字形，兩個齒輪裝在里面,齒輪的外徑及兩側(cè)與殼體緊密配合。來自于擠出機(jī)的物料在吸入口進(jìn)入兩個齒輪中間，并充滿這一空間，隨著齒的旋轉(zhuǎn)沿殼體運(yùn)動，*后在兩齒嚙合時排出。困油現(xiàn)象齒輪泵要平穩(wěn)工作，齒輪嚙合的重合度必須大于1, 于是總有兩對齒輪同時嚙合, :并有一部分油液被圍困在兩對輪齒所圍成的封閉容腔之間。這個封閉的容腔開始隨著
齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)動逐漸減小，以后又逐漸加大。封閉腔容積的減小會使被困油液受擠壓而產(chǎn)生很高的壓力，并且從縫隙中擠出，導(dǎo)致油液發(fā)熱，并致使機(jī)件受到額外的負(fù)載，而封閉腔容積的增大又造成局部真空，使油液中溶解的氣體分離，產(chǎn)生氣穴現(xiàn)象。這些都將產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的振動和噪音，這就是齒輪泵的困意現(xiàn)象。
危害：徑向不平衡力很大時能使軸彎曲，齒頂與殼體接觸，同時加速軸承的磨損，降低軸承的壽命。
消除困油現(xiàn)象方法:通常是在兩側(cè)蓋板上開卸荷槽，使封閉腔容積誠小時通過左邊的卸荷槽與壓油腔相通，容積增大時通過右邊的卸荷槽與吸油腔相通。
1.3葉片泵
葉片泵即通過葉輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)，將動力機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換為水能(勢能、動能、壓能)的水力機(jī)械。
葉片泵轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)時，葉片在離心力和壓力油的作用下，尖部緊貼在定子內(nèi)表面上。這樣兩個葉片與轉(zhuǎn)子和定子內(nèi)表面所構(gòu)成的工作容積，先由小到大吸油后再由大到小排油，葉片旋轉(zhuǎn)一周時，完成兩次吸油與排油。
1.4柱塞泵
柱塞泵即利用柱塞在泵缸體內(nèi)往復(fù)運(yùn)動，使柱塞與泵壁間形成容積改變，反復(fù)吸入和排;出液體并增高其壓力的泵。
柱塞泵是液壓系統(tǒng)的一個重要裝置。它依靠柱塞在缸體中往復(fù)運(yùn)動，使密封工作容腔的容積發(fā)生變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)吸油、壓油。柱塞泵具有額定壓力高、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、效率高和流量調(diào)節(jié)方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，被廣泛應(yīng)用于高壓、大流量和流量需要調(diào)節(jié)的場合，諸如液壓機(jī)、工程機(jī)械和船舶中。